Unravelling the human cost of global drug policy

Anti-drugs operation, Ayacucho, Peru. Credit: Alberto Cifuentes. All rights reserved.The
international drug control system has caused much greater damage than the
substances it targets. Gross human rights violations have been committed in its
name. And after five decades of harsh legal enforcement, criminalisation and
militarisation (largely outside the consumption centres of Europe and north
America), it has failed to reduce the drug trade.

In the articles,
videos and personal stories we are publishing, we look at the consequences
of this punitive approach in different parts of the world, the myths involved,
the gender and race implications, security structures and economic links. We
also begin to explore alternative policies.

This
six-month partnership is timed to coincide with the United Nations General
Assembly Special Session on the world drug problem (UNGASS), which takes place
in April. UNGASS is an opportunity for stepping up this debate on global drug
policy, and human rights should be put centre stage. Before and after UNGASS,
we aim to contribute to the discussion with empirical data and personal
accounts.

What
follows is a 'day-by-day' guide to our first openDemocracy guest week on “the human cost of
global drug policy”, held from 14 to 18 March 2016, which set out the main themes behind this editorial partnership.

Monday

We kicked
off the week with an overview of the ‘Pandora’s box’ that is drug policy,
written by Luciana Pol, a CELS senior
fellow. Prohibition has spawned militarised responses in Latin America, state
collusion, prison overcrowding, torture and killing – and it has been used to
control and discipline already marginalised social sectors. Find out why reform
is being advocated by everyone from human rights organizations and feminist
groups to peasant leaders and prominent scholars.

Julia Buxton, a professor at the Central European University,
addresses the history and failures of the international drug control system.
She outlines the realities of global drug markets, exposing fallacies about the
substances themselves and highlighting gross south-north inequalities in the
costs and impacts of the fight against drugs.

“9
things we’ve learned from a 50-year war on drugs” is openDemocracy's breakdown of the ways in
which the drug prohibition model is both damaging to human rights and
ineffective. It draws from a joint report by 17 organisations from 11 countries,
spanning south, central and north America.

The myth
of a drug-free world: Carl Hart, a
Columbia University professor, talks on video about the sensationalism around
drug use, who benefits from these exaggerations and misrepresentations, and how
drug policy is used to persecute men of colour in the United States. He also
touches on the Black Lives Matter movement, reform options, and the cracks in
the dopamine theory of addiction.

Tuesday

More and
more women are being incarcerated for low-level drug offences, and in Latin
America the vast majority of them are single mothers. This has broad
ramifications for families and society, and these women’s already-poor economic
prospects are worsened by the stigma of having a criminal record. Possible
policy solutions are explored by Coletta
Youngers of the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) and Nischa Pieris, a gender specialist
working for the Organisation of American States (OAS).

“Believe
me, when you’re alone with your three children … you can’t say, ‘Sorry, I can’t
feed you. I don’t have work.’” Johana, a single mother incarcerated for a
drug-related offence in Colombia, tells
her story in a photo essay.

In the
United States, the federal prison population ballooned by 790% over the last
two decades. And today 60% of the people in US prisons are racial and ethnic
minorities. Ezekiel Edwards of the
American Civil Liberties Union shows how this “massive criminal punishment
system” is
riddled with racial injustice, from policing and stop-and-frisk tactics to consistently
harsher sentencing. The country’s Black community suffers the brunt of this.

A
growing number of countries are shifting away from punitive approaches that criminalise
people who use drugs. This is because of the harm done in terms of mass
incarceration, human rights abuses and the spread of blood-borne viruses, among
other problems. A
new report by Release shows that decriminalisation does not lead to
increased drug use, but can lead to financial savings for criminal justice
systems and better public health outcomes, according to Niamh Eastwood and Edward Fox.

Wednesday

What is
the UNGASS and why does it matter? The United Nations General Assembly Special
Session on drugs, set for April, could help change the course of the
international drug control system, basing it on principles of harm reduction,
public health and human rights. But despite shifting positions, even within the
historically hardline United States, resistance by some countries and some UN
agencies themselves threatens
to stymie any talk of reform, according to Ann Fordham of the International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC) and Martin Jelsma of Transnational
Institute (TNI). Meanwhile, nearly 200 civil society organisations express
concerns over the preparatory negotiations in Vienna.

Is
capitalism fuelling the war on drugs? Author Dawn Paley explores how state policies purportedly aimed at
fighting drug trafficking lead to violence, terror and displacement – and
also benefit transnational corporations. She refers to the four Ps of the
war on drugs: policy, police, paramilitaries and prisons, and explains how
business and economic motivations drive these damaging strategies.

British writer Johann
Hari speaks on video about how he
began rethinking drug addiction. He reflects on the hounding of Billie
Holiday by the US Federal Bureau of Narcotics, the heavy toll that the ‘war on
drugs’ takes on some groups, and looks to the US liberalisation of drug policy,
and prospects at UNGASS. 

Thursday

Remote
warfare is being deployed in the ‘war on drugs’ in very similar ways to the
US-led ‘war on terror’. This includes the use of mass surveillance, drones and
the privatisation of security tasks. But concerns are growing about the
transparency and accountability of these methods, as well as their human cost
and long-term effectiveness. Esther
Kersley of the Remote Control project says that instead of deploying new
tactics, governments
must address the root causes of insecurity.

By every
measure, US counter-narcotics operations in Afghanistan over the last 15 years have
been a total failure, writes Julien
Mercille, a lecturer at University College Dublin. Meanwhile, drug use
treatment and prevention received little support. This is because tackling the
drug problem is not a priority for Washington, which instead has backed drug
traffickers and power brokers in its fight against the Taliban.

While
some Latin American countries are pushing for change in drug policy, most
Middle Eastern countries remain
firmly in favour of the punitive approach. Philip Robins, a reader at the University of Oxford, analyses drug-related
strategies and offences in Middle Eastern countries and tracks heroin and its
opiate derivatives produced in Afghanistan through Iran and Turkey, to Europe.

Friday

Clara
Gómez González and her 15-year-old daughter, Erika, were being held by presumed
members of a criminal gang in a warehouse in central Mexico when the military
burst in. In what became known as the Tlatlaya massacre, 22 people were killed
– including Erika. Clara was the first person to speak out about what really
happened that night, which the official version had chalked up to ‘clashes’
with drug traffickers. She
tells her story here.

Argentina’s
new government has declared a national security emergency to fight drug
trafficking, aligning itself with the region’s hardliners and the US-backed
doctrine of ‘new threats’ to security. This could erode the crucial distinction
between military and public safety tasks established after the last
dictatorship. Poor oversight and erratic policies in recent years have fostered
more state collusion with traffickers and worsened
violence in poor neighbourhoods, write Manuel
Tufró and Paula Litvachky of
CELS.

“The war
kills more than the drugs.” A public awareness campaign in Brazil gets
censored, giving it even greater reach. Julita
Lemgruber, a specialist in Brazilian security policies, talks
about the campaign on video and explains how her work on prisons and
policing led her to the drug policy debate.

In
places like Colombia, the prohibitionist approach to drugs has fostered the
creation of highly profitable illegal markets, dominated by armed groups.
Repressive policies end up harming society’s most vulnerable sectors, including
drug users, indigenous peoples and small agricultural producers. Part of the
problem lies with the UN drug control conventions, which must
be harmonised with international human rights law, Carlos Juliano Simoes-Ferreira and Sergio Chaparro Hernández of Dejusticia
write.

This article is published as part of an editorial partnership between openDemocracy and CELS, an Argentine human rights organisation with a broad agenda that includes advocating for drug policies respectful of human rights. The partnership coincides with the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on drugs.